1. Introduction
The Gospel of Luke and the book Acts are written by Luke and are part of a single narrative written in two different volumes. In the early church they were originally circulated together (Zugg). Bruce calls them twofold history detached from its sequel (Bruce, 1988). Both the volumes were written to a person named Theophilus. Luke begins the book of Acts addressing him, ” In the first book, O Theophilus…” (Acts 1:1). Theophilus might have been a Christian wanting instruction. He might have been a Roman high official being briefed by Luke about the history of the Christian movement (Guzik, 2020).
The writer, Luke, has given importance to Baptism in the Gospel of Luke and Acts. This is evident in his use of the terms “baptism and to baptize” in both the books. The New Testament has used the verb “to baptize” (baptizó (Biblehub.com, 2020)) and the noun “baptism” (baptismal (Biblehub.com, 2020)) ninety-six times and almost half of these instances are found in Luke-Acts (Stein, 2006). The Gospel of Luke uses the verb “baptizó” in its different forms ten times [Luke 3:7, 12, 16(2), 21(2); 7:29,30; 11:38; 12:50]; the book of acts has it twenty-one times [Acts 1:5(2); 2:38,41; 8:12,13,16,36,38; 9:18; 10:47,48; 11:16(2); 16:15,33; 18:8; 19:3,4,5; 22:16]; whereas the Gospel of Luke has the word “baptisma” four times [Luke 3:3; 7:29; 12:50; 20:4] and the book of Acts has it six times Acts 1:22; 10:37; 13:24; 18:25; 19:3,4]). Forty times out of the forty-one instances of the use of this term either refers to the baptism of John the Baptist, Jesus Christ, or the Disciples. Only one instance (Luke 11:38) refers to Jesus not washing ceremonially before eating. The Greek term for this is ἐβαπτίσθη (aorist past form of the verb baptizó (Biblehub.com, 2020)).
The baptism of John the Baptist has provisional and preparatory, Jesus’ baptism of the Holy Spirit and fire has eschatological significance and the disciples’ baptism is particularly linked to the symbolic representation of the believer’s identification with Christ in His death and resurrection. Luke records John’s the Baptist’s baptism in Luke 3:1-22. Luke clearly states that the baptism of John was the baptism of repentance unto remission of sins (3:3) and his ministry was the ministry of preparation for greater baptism of Jesus in the Holy Spirit and with fire (3:16). The books of Acts record the fulfilment of Jesus’ promise of the baptism in the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:5,8). After the disciples were filled with the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:4), their journey of being witness began and three thousand were baptized and added to them (2:41). In this way, the formal practice of symbolic representation of the believer’s identification with Christ in His death and resurrection began.
2. Meaning and Context
The meaning of the Greek word “baptizó” is to dip, sink (Biblehub.com, 2020). If fits well with the baptism of John the Baptist, as He baptized in the Jordan River. It suggests his mode of baptism i.e., immersion. Believer’s baptism is an essential initiatory rite of the Christian life. It is an external representation of the internal reality of salvation (Kopp, 2009). John’s baptism was of repentance for the forgiveness of their sins and he not only called them to repent but also to bear fruits worthy of repentance (Luke 3:8). He demands people to show their commitment towards the baptism doing various things. Luke records a conversation between John and other people. They asked him, “What then must we do?” (Luke 3:10, 12, 14). He commands general people to share their food and coats to those who do not have any (3:11). Similarly, he commands the tax collectors to collect no more than they were authorized (3:13). Likewise, he commands soldiers not to extort money from anyone by threats or false accusation and be content with their wages (3:14). Therefore, baptism is not a one-sided commitment. The receivers are not only the passive recipients but the active people with a commitment.
The New Testament records various types of baptisms: a) The Baptism of John (Luke 3:3, Mark 1:4, 5). This baptism was a baptism of water and repentance. John’s baptism symbolizes the purification or washing. b) The Baptism of Jesus (Matthew 3: 13-17) – Jesus was baptized by John. Jesus did not have to repent or be cleansed because He was sinless (1 Peter 2:22; 1 Corinthians 5:21; Hebrews 4:15) This was Jesus’ act of identifying with sinful humanity. c) The Baptism of Fire (Matthew 3: 11-12) – John prophesied Jesus would baptize men with fire. This refers to the apocalyptic judgement of Jesus. d) The Baptism of Holy Spirit (Ephesians 1: 13-14; 1 Corinthians 12:13) – the first people to experience the baptism of the Spirit were the believers in Acts 2 on the Day of Pentecost. “For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—Jews or Greeks, slaves or free—and all were made to drink of one Spirit” (1 Corinthians 12:13). e) The Baptism of the Cross (Mark 10:35-39) – This refers to the suffering of Jesus and His disciples. “You … be baptized with the baptism I am baptized with (Mark 10:39). f) The Baptism of believers (Matthew 28:19) – this is washing in water to symbolize the action of the Holy Spirit in a believer’s heart.
There have been differences over the mode of baptism (immersion, pouring and sprinkle), the subjects of baptism (who should be baptized?), and who should baptize. The mode of baptism has become a matter of dispute. The meaning of the word suggests the immersion mode of baptism. The reformed view, however, claims that the scripture does not specify how much water should be used or how wet the one baptized should become (Nettles, 2007). The bible is clear about who should take the baptism. Those who had accepted Peter’s message were baptized (Acts 2:41) This shows that one should accept the gospel to baptize. The debate over the mode of baptism persists, however, much progress in this regard has already been made. Christians who differ over baptism already demonstrate their unity in Christ through individual fellowship, Bible studies and prayer groups in their communities, occasional joint worship services, cooperation in the city and regional evangelistic campaigns … (Grudem, 2000). The Bible gives more importance to the why of the baptism rather than how of the baptism.
3. Similarities and Differences
There are some similarities and difference between the baptism of John, the baptism of Jesus and the baptism of the disciples.
3.1. The similarities: There are many similarities among the baptism of John, the baptism of Jesus and the baptism of the disciples.
3.1.1. The presence of the Holy Spirit: The writer of Luke and Acts records the presence of the Holy Spirit in all three baptisms. The Bible does not record the direct presence of the Holy Spirit in John’s baptism, however, the writer of the Gospel records the descend of the Holy Spirit on Jesus in bodily form, like a dove; and a voice from heaven, saying, “You are my beloved Son; with you, I am well pleased” (Luke 3:22). Likewise, Jesus’ baptism was in the Holy Spirit and Fire (Luke 3:16). This prophecy of John the Baptist was fulfilled in Acts 2 when the Holy Spirit descended from heaven with a mighty rushing wind and as the tongues of fire rested on each of them. They all were filled with the Holy Spirit. Similarly, there was a presence of the Holy Spirit in the disciples’ baptism. Peter promises the gift of the Holy Spirit after the baptism in Acts 2:38. But the baptism was not enough for the Holy Spirit to come upon the believers, the disciples laid their hands on them and they received the Holy Spirit (Acts 8:17); in one instance, however, the Holy Spirit fell on all those who were hearing Peter (Acts 10:44).
3.1.2. Water: Though there seem to be some differences over the mode, the subjects and the administration of the baptism, there is no debate over the use of water during the baptism. John the Baptist’s baptism in the Jordan River is water baptism. The Bible does not indicate Jesus baptizing anyone, though one instance the Gospel of John records Jesus making and baptizing more disciples than John (John 4:1), the verse 2 clarifies that it was not Jesus who was baptizing people, but only his disciples (4:2). A clear example of disciples using water for the baptism is seen in Acts 8:38 where Philip baptized eunuch, a court official of Candance.
3.1.3. Requirements: All three baptisms have some requirements to fulfil before and/or after the baptism. John the Baptist had ‘confession of their sins’ as a prerequisite for the baptism. He told the subjects, the recipients, to correct their old ways. Similarly, Jesus’ disciples were to stay in the city until they were clothed with power from on high (Luke 24:49), the power was the baptism of the Holy Spirit. The repentance of the sins (Acts 2:38) and believing in Jesus (Acts 8:37, 38) are the requirements of disciples’/believers’ baptism.
3.1.4. Jesus as the center: All the baptisms had Jesus as the center. John’s baptism was a baptism of preparation. He was preparing the way for the Messiah to come. Jesus’ baptism in the Holy Spirit was initiated by Jesus to empower His disciples to be His witness throughout the world; therefore, there is no doubt that He is the center of this baptism. The disciples’ baptism was because of their master’s command to baptize. They baptized into the name of Jesus.
3.2. Differences: The differences among the baptism of John, the baptism of Jesus and the baptism of the disciples vastly lie on the purpose of the baptism.
3.2.1. The purpose of John’s baptism: John’s baptism indicated the sorrow for the sins. The repentance is the key theme in John’s baptism. Easton Dictionary explains John’s baptism this way, “Was not Christian baptism, nor was that which was practised by the disciples previous to our Lord’s crucifixion. Till then the New Testament economy did not exist. John’s baptism bound its subjects to repentance, and not to the faith of Christ. It was not administered in the name of the Trinity, and those whom John baptized were rebaptized by Paul (Act_18:24; Act_19:7)” (Easton, 2020). The word repentance has been used twenty times in the Bible, all in the New Testament. The writer, Luke, has used the word ‘repentance’ eleven times (five times in Luke and six times in Acts) in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 3:3, 8; 5:32; 15:7 and 24:47) and the book of Acts (Acts 5:31; 11:18; 13:24; 19:4; 20:21 and 26:20) which is more than fifty per cent. The meaning of repentance is to turn away from the sins. Evangelical repentance consists of (1) a true sense of one’s own guilt and sinfulness; (2) apprehension of God’s mercy in Christ; (3) an actual hatred of sin (Psa_119:128; Job_42:5, Job_42:6; 2Co_7:10) and turning from it to God; and (4) a persistent endeavour after a holy life in a walking with God in the way of his commandments (Easton, 2020). John’s water rite anticipates the new eschatological community purged and renewed by the Spirit but does not inaugurate it. He baptized in water unto repentance and hope. The passage through the water of the Jordan by those baptized by John dramatized a journey of hope that reached for a renewed Israel. (Macchia, 2018)
3.2.2. The purpose of Jesus’ baptism: Jesus’s baptism is not a preparatory one. John the Baptist indicated Jesus’ baptism as the baptism in the Holy Spirit and fire. Baptism in the Holy Spirit was what the disciples experienced in the day of Pentecost. John the Baptist’s prophesy regarding Jesus’ baptism in the Holy Spirit took time to be fulfilled. However, the baptism in the fire is yet to be fulfilled. John the Baptist’s remark in Luke 3:17 suggests the Judgment to come. Macchia, however, links the messianic Spirit baptism to the occasion of fire baptism of devastating judgment (Macchia, 2018). The God presented Himself as a fire on many occasions in the Bible: The Almighty God was present as a smoking fire pot and a flaming torch with Abraham (Gen 15:27). He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush (Exodus 3:2). He was present as a pillar of fire to give Israelites light when they were in the wilderness (Exodus 13:21). He descended on the Mount Sinai in the fire when He came to meet the Israelites (Exodus 19:18; 24:7). He descended on the disciples as the Holy Spirit (Act 2:3). The fire is the symbol of purification and judgement in the Bible: God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah with sulfur and fire (Gen 19:24). God sent thunder and hail, and fire to the land of Egypt when Pharaoh denied sending the Israelites out (Exodus 9:24). The fire of the Lord burned among Israelites when they complained (Numbers 11:2). Each believer’s work will be tested by fire (1 Corinthians 3:13). Those who do not know and obey will be inflicted vengeance by fire (1 Thessalonians 1:8). The ones who worship the beast will be tormented with fire and sulfur in the presence of the Holy angels (Rev 14:10). The baptism in the Holy Spirit on the day of the Pentecost was to empower the disciples to proclaim the gospel to the end of the world. Jesus had to go through the fire of suffering Himself. Jesus’ baptism is not merely the baptism of repentance like John’s baptism. With the baptism in the Holy Spirit and fire, we become empowered to carry out the commandment He has given us to be witness, suffer for His name, and be renewed.
3.2.3. The purpose of disciples’ baptism: Before Jesus’ accession to the Heaven Jesus commanded the disciples not to depart from Jerusalem (Acts 1:4-5). His disciples had nothing else to do other than to wait for the coming of the Holy Spirit because Jesus knew that they could do nothing effective for the kingdom of God until the spirit came. Guzik gives four meaning to the verb ‘wait’: 1) To wait means that it was worth waiting for, 2) To wait means that they had a promise it would come, 3) To wait means they must receive it; they couldn’t create it themselves, 4) To wait means that they would be tested by waiting, at least a little ( (Guzik, 2020). After they are filled with the Holy Spirit, Peter called all to repent and be baptized in the name of Jesus (Acts 2:38). This is the first time baptism in the name of Jesus is mentioned in the Bible. This indicates that disciples’ baptism had to do with Jesus alone. After Philip preached good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women (Acts 8:12). Most of the time after the disciples baptized people in the name of Jesus, they laid their hand so that they might receive the Holy Spirit. This can be seen in Acts 8:17. The disciples’ baptism was associated with the repentance (Acts 2:37) and faith (Acts 8:12-13; 10:43-48a; 19:4-5). Their baptism was also associated with the gift of the Spirit as seen in Cornelius’ baptism (Acts 10:44-48). The disciple’s baptism became an external representation of the internal reality of salvation and the symbolic representation of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Paul says that we have been baptized into Christ Jesus into His death and buried with him by baptism into death (Romans 6:3-4)
4. Application
The baptism is equally relevant today as it was during the first-century church. It has become an indispensable part of Christian Church and the evangelism. Through baptism, we become a part of the visible church. We become a member of a visible local church in this world. After the baptism three thousand were added to their number (Acts 2:41). It is a visible sign of a growing church. Many people become a member of a local church after the baptism. Similarly, we become a part of the universal church. No matter which part of the world we live or no matter which church we belong to we are the part of the universal church. We are united with one Lord, one faith and one baptism (Eph 4:3). Through baptism, we confess our faith in Christ publicly (Nettles, 2007). It a symbol of a decisive act of obedience in the discipleship of Jesus (Matthew 28:19. Many churches appoint an ordained minister to perform the baptism, the wedding, the death, and other fundamental Christian rites.
Therefore, the commission to go, make disciples, baptize, and teach (Matthew 28:19-20) is the commission we all have today. This indicates that we all, mature believer, are to go, make disciples, baptize, and teach. This commission is for all those who believe in the Lord Jesus Christ and wants to follow his command.
5. Conclusion
The baptism of John is provisional and preparatory, and it was a type of Jesus’ baptism. Jesus’ baptism of the Holy Spirit is for all who believe in Him, the baptism in fire indicates His judgement for those who do not believe in Him. The baptism of the Holy Spirit is clear in the book of Acts. The disciples get to wait until they get the power from above through the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit empowered the disciples to carry out the great commission to go, make disciples, baptize, and teach. The disciples’ baptism, eventually, became a fundamental Christian rite. It is an outward sign of inward salvation. Through baptism, a person becomes a part of the local and universal church. Through baptism, a person becomes connected with Jesus.
6. Bibliography
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(2020, December 22). Retrieved from Biblehub.com: https://biblehub.com/greek/908.htm
Bruce, F. (1988). The Book of Acts. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
Easton, M. (2020, December 27). Bible Study Tools. Retrieved from https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/eastons-bible-dictionary/baptism-johns.html
Grudem, W. (2000). Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids: Inter-Varsity Press & Zondervan.
Guzik, D. (2020, October 06). Retrieved from Enduring Word: https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/acts-1/
Kopp, S. (2009, November). The Slasher Pastor. Retrieved from https://slasherpastor.wordpress.com/2014/10/11/research-paper-on-baptism/
Macchia, F. D. (2018). Baptism in the Holy Spirit-and-Fire: Luke’s Implicitly Pneumatological Theory of Atonement. religions, 3.
Nettles, T. J. (2007). Understanding Four Views on Baptism. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.
Stein, R. H. (2006). Baptism in Luke-Acts. In T. R. Wright, Believer’s Baptism, Sign of the New Covenant in Christ (pp. 78-123). Nashville: B&H Publishing Group.
Zugg, R. J. (n.d.). The Book of Acts. Beliz City: Belize Presbyterian Theological Seminary.